In an article for The Conversation, the researchers reported that they then asked a group of people aged 18 to 66 the same questions. In addition, 43 participants wore devices with motion sensors to measure their sleep. The association between poor sleep quality and disruptive behaviour was not found when measuring sleep with motion sensors. Data suggest that warm and positive parenting may help reduce the risk of CU traits in children, but little is known about the effects of very early parenting practices during infancy.
Here, Wright et al. Parenting practice was coded from observing infant play with mothers at 7 months, attachment status was determined using the Strange Situation Procedure at 14 months, and CU traits were assessed via mother report at 2.
Our subsequent twin analyses have increased our understanding of callous-unemotional traits in childhood in several ways. We now know that there is substantial genetic overlap between callous-unemotional traits and antisocial behavior — in other words, the two phenotypes share risk genes. Work by my former post doc, Nathalie Fontaine, now at Indiana University, indicates that stable high levels of callous-unemotional traits are strongly heritable, in particular for boys.
However, we know less about actual risk genes and no big hits have emerged so far. Work by colleagues, such as Naomi Sadeh at the University of California, San Francisco, and Edelyn Verona, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, suggests that genetic risk for callous-unemotional traits may only express itself under unfavorable environmental circumstances. In other words, although genetic vulnerability is likely to play a role in the development of callous-unemotional traits and accompanying antisocial behavior, phenotypic expression may require specific environmental circumstances.
Our own preliminary genome-wide work indicates that we may also need to investigate the contribution from rare genetic variants and gene-gene interaction. Our research group has conducted several experimental lines of work in recent years. A study by my former PhD student, Alice Jones, now at Goldsmiths, University of London, highlighted that children with callous-unemotional traits have a very different profile of empathy problems to those seen in children with autism spectrum conditions.
Children with autism spectrum conditions appear to have the opposite pattern of difficulties. By contrast, children who display antisocial behavior, but who have low levels of callous-unemotional traits, look similar to typically developing children on these domains. Neuroimaging work from our lab has also produced a number of new findings that have helped characterise the neurobiological vulnerabilities associated with callous-unemotional traits and antisocial behavior.
These findings further suggest that children with or without callous-unemotional traits may develop antisocial behaviour as a result of quite different sets of underlying vulnerabilities. Parallel work led by my colleague Eamon McCrory, with whom I run our research group at University College London, has shown that a pattern of amygdala overactivity to emotional stimuli is also seen in children with histories of childhood maltreatment, a robust environmental risk factor for antisocial behaviour.
One important future research aim for our group is to delineate the particular environmental risk factors that increase the likelihood of antisocial behaviour in those children with high or low levels of callous-unemotional traits. How does any of this research advance our efforts to prevent and treat children like Tom? From a clinical perspective, research in this field has taught us three important things. First, it is now clear that children who qualify for antisocial behavior diagnosis conduct disorder are a heterogeneous group and that callous-unemotional traits are helpful in characterising a distinct pattern of vulnerability and prognosis in a subset of these children.
Second, longitudinal work by ourselves and others indicates that callous-unemotional traits are malleable. New studies by several colleagues suggest these children respond to warm parenting, but may be less responsive to negative parenting. Third, the emerging pattern of distinct neurocognitive vulnerability to antisocial behavior in children with high vs. For example, a recent study by Dadds and colleagues suggests that children with high levels of callous-unemotional traits may benefit from training in emotional literacy and emotional recognition.
We need to build on these preliminary advances in applying basic research findings to inform clinical practice. I am hopeful that over the next decade we will make significant strides in being able to provide effective help and support to children like Tom. Blair, R.
Neuroimaging of psychopathy and antisocial behavior: A targeted review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12 , 76— Dadds, M. Outcomes, moderators, and mediators of empathic-emotion recognition training for complex conduct problems in childhood. Assessment of psychopathy in male young offenders. Psychol Assess.
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